Introduction: smartphone use has substantially increased in the past decade, becoming an important part in population's usual activities, but the relationship between smartphone addiction, smartphone use, and neck disability in adults remains uncertain. The objective of this study: (1) investigate the association between neck disability and smartphone use time with socio-demographic characteristics, musculoskeletal symptoms, and smartphone addiction among university students; and (2) assess the association between smartphone addiction with socio-demographic characters, musculoskeletal symptoms.
Methods: 228 students (74 males and 154 females; average age 29.41 years old) were enrolled in the study. Participants answered questions about sociodemographic characteristics, smartphone time use, smartphone addiction (SAS-SV), musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck and upper limb, and neck disability (NDI).
Results: individuals with neck disability were associated with, gender, general health, presence of neck and shoulder pain, and smartphone addiction. More time spent on smartphones was associated with some socio-demographic characteristics, the presence of shoulder pain, and smartphone addiction.
Conclusions: smartphone addiction was associated with lower age, higher educational level, neck disability, and smartphone time use in students.

By Fagner Luiz Pacheco Salles, Murylo Feitanin Basso, Alexia Leonel

Introduction: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatrography is the therapeutic method of choice to treat biliopancreatic diseases. The complexity of the endoscopic procedure, learning curves, duration, and the demand for the service in health institutions, condition the presence of ergonomic risks in the domain of the multidisciplinary team that intervenes in the technique.
Objective: To describe about possible ergonomic risk factors in the management of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Methods: A search was carried out in the Google Academic/Scholar, PUBMED, SciELO Regional, SciELO Public Health, SciELO Cuba engines. In the search strategy, the terms were used: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ergonomic risks, ergonomic risk perception in the working population. The documents were evaluated at length and a summary document of the information was developed.
Results: Dynamic and static postures, repetitive movements, load manipulation, psychological load and visual fatigue are considered risk factors that require greater attention in relation to the activities involved in the technique.
Conclusions: Possible ergonomic risk factors in the endoscopic procedure were described. The complex activities that derive from the procedure and their relationship with the specialties involved were considered, in order to promote occupational health, sustainability and the transition towards excellence in the services provided.

By Yanet Ortega Dugrot, Julieth Suárez Oceguera, Georgina Maritza López Pumar, Pedro Irán Gort Iglesias, Osmany Alonso Ayala, Roselia Inés Bustamante Rojas

Introduction The purpose of this research is to evaluate the physical fitness variables of Venezuelan workers, taking into account exercise batteries or submaximal tests that have been little used in the industrial environment.
Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, epidemiological and field study was conducted in a Venezuelan population of industrial direct labor workers in bipedestation. The sample consisted of 185 workers (M: 136, W: 49) in the main industrial areas of the state of Aragua-Venezuela.
Results: Results were obtained on the physical fitness of Venezuelan industrial direct labor workers presenting average results in both sexes. Calculations for obtaining HRmax and RAC in ml O2 min-1 kg-1 were taken into account.
Conclusions: A population of industrial direct labor was observed, of low physical capacity with values associated with age (42.87 M-38.43W), physical wear and tear, poor physical fitness habits, poor dietary habits and decrease in muscle mass.

By Alejandro Labrador Parra, Evelin Escalona, Francisco Burgos Navarrete

Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with the practice of self-medication among undergraduate nursing students at a private institution in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Methodology: Descriptive, quantitative, and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 99 nursing students who were administered a self-medication instrument.

Results: A total of 99 students aged between 25 and 35 years were interviewed. Most of them were female (82.83%) and in their first year of study (29.29%). The prevalence of self-medication was 100%. Television and social networks were the main sources of information about medicines; the symptoms that motivated self-medication were pain and cold, and consequently the most used medicines were analgesics (82.83%) and anti-influenza medicines (78.79%). When asked where they obtained the medicines, 79.80% obtained them from pharmacies and 48.48% from relatives.

Conclusions: The prevalence of self-medication was high and was mainly related to the availability of economic resources to access medicines and the possibility of buying them at the pharmacy without a prescription. It is necessary to implement activities to guarantee the responsible use of medicines among nursing students.

By Norma Beatriz Ríos, Celeste Macarena Arteaga, Yureny González Arias, Aylen Ayelen Martínez, Melina Hitomi Nogawa, Ayelen Macarena Quinteros, Carlos Jesús Canova Barrios

Introduction: Treadmill exercise training is one of the most investigated non-pharmacological treatment options for experimental brain ischemia. However, the cholinergic system is essential for improving motor behavior responses.
Objective: To analyze the effects of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist (1, 2, and 4 mg/kg) on the motor behavior of ischemic gerbils subjected to forced treadmill training.
Methods: In this experimental study, 72 gerbils, weighing 65–80 g, were divided into eight groups: Sal, Ni1, Ni2, Ni4, I, INi1, INi2, and INi4. Behavioral assessment was initiated 24 hours after the last motor stimulation on the treadmill. Rotarod test (RR) was employed to analyze animal behavior. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Newman-Keuls post hoc test evidenced differences detected between groups.
Results: Data regarding the RR test revealed decreased time spent on the RR apparatus for the Ni1, Ni4, and I groups compared to the Sal and Ni2 groups. However, the INi1 and INi2 groups showed increased time spent compared with the ischemia and INi4 groups (F7,64=4.63; p<0.05).
Conclusions: The present study indicates that treadmill training with a concomitant 1 and 2 mg/kg of nAChR agonist effectively improves the behavior of ischemic gerbils.

By Lucas Hipolito do Espírito Santo, Kelly Zhang, Takae Tamy Kitabatake, Manoela Gallon Pitta, Gustavo Henrique de Mello Rosa, Elaine Caldeira de Oliveira Guirro, João Eduardo de Araujo

This paper is a comprehensive review of the historical and conceptual development of psychotherapy, highlighting its evolution from a predominantly biological approach to a more integrative one that includes psychological and therapeutic methods. Psychotherapy, derived from the Greek roots "psyche" (mind) and "therapeia" (treatment), focuses on the treatment of mental and emotional problems through various psychological techniques. Originating from different psychological theories, psychotherapy has evolved into a diversified field with multiple approaches, including biological, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic-existentialist. The history of mental health treatments is addressed, from ancient practices based on magic and bodily moods to the development of more modern techniques such as animal magnetism, hypnosis, and behavioral therapy. The contemporary approach to psychotherapy recognizes the importance of cognitions and metacognitions in mental health. Third-generation therapies, such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, emphasize the importance of context and adaptability in the treatment of mental disorders.

By Lucía Ramírez P

The objective of this article was to explore the role of artificial intelligence in the field of sports, focusing on data analysis to enhance training. A literature review was conducted to examine different artificial intelligence algorithms to identify patterns and trends that enable the application of effective and personalized training strategies. Additionally, practical and ethical implications of using artificial intelligence in sports were discussed, along with potential future directions for interdisciplinary research and sports development. In conclusion, the transformative potential of artificial intelligence in sports is revealed, emphasizing its ability to personalize training and enhance athlete performance.

By Efrén Mesías Palacios Zumba, Vicente Anderson Aguinda Cajape, Jorge Luis Serrano Aguilar, Liliana Elizabeth Villagomez Arias, Zoila Esther Realpe Zambrano, Jaime Reinaldo Ramírez Guamán, Richar Jacobo Posso Pacheco

Introduction: In recent years, the number of studies investigating a potential connection between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and migration has increased. This article presents a scoping review of the relationship between ASD and migration, focusing on cultural, ethnic factors, and migratory experiences.
Method: A scoping review method was employed, analyzing articles in categories such as cultural influences, barriers, diagnosis, early intervention, parent perspectives, and autism-associated stigma.
Results: The importance of addressing the interaction of cultural, systemic, and individual factors to enhance support and outcomes in individuals and families diagnosed with ASD in immigrant communities is emphasized.
Conclusion: Evidence suggests the existence of common barriers in neurodevelopmental disorders and ASD in migrant populations, including structural, socioeconomic, social, and cultural factors such as lack of medical insurance, service fragmentation, inadequate social support, and a lack of culturally appropriate resources.

By Melissa Stefania Cruz Puerto, María Sandín Vázquez

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, and systemic inflammatory disease that mainly affects diarthrodial joints. Its global prevalence is 0.5-1% in adults, increasing to 5% in women over 55 years old. RA reduces the quality of life and life expectancy by 3-10 years, mainly due to associated cardiovascular diseases. Current treatment is based on initiating early disease-modifying therapy with the goal of suppressing inflammation, inducing remission, preventing joint damage, and improving functionality. Antirheumatic medications include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, non-biological immunosuppressants like methotrexate, and biological immunomodulators such as anti-TNF or anti-interleukins, which have shown high clinical effectiveness. However, there is individual variability in therapeutic response, adverse effects, and loss of efficacy over time. This study conducted a systematic literature review following the PRISMA methodology. The search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, using MESH terms and keywords related to rheumatoid arthritis, treatments, effectiveness, and prognostic factors. Studies published between 2015-2022 were included, ultimately selecting 30 articles that met eligibility criteria. The objective of this review was to compile and synthesize available evidence on currently used medications and therapies for rheumatoid arthritis, factors associated with therapeutic success, and the most frequently reported complications or adverse effects. The results contribute to enhancing treatment strategies, considering a personalized approach based on each patient's needs.

By Jonathan Rocha

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological condition characterized by brain changes resulting in the accumulation of specific proteins, leading to brain shrinkage and eventual cell death. It is the primary cause of dementia, resulting in a gradual decline in memory, cognition, behaviour, and social skills, impairing overall functionality. The case study involves an 84-year-old woman displaying symptoms of Alzheimer's disease requiring physiotherapy rehabilitation. Assessment reveals joint pain, abnormal gait, respiratory issues due to pneumonia, reduced balance and cognitive function, concentration difficulties, impaired decision-making, fluctuating moods, and behavioural issues such as depression and aggression. Physical examination shows shoulder shrugging and slight tension in the upper trapezius muscle. The rehabilitation program involves various interventions like stretching, strengthening, aerobic exercises, breathing exercises, lung clearance techniques, active range of motion exercises, postural control, and gait training. The role of the physiotherapist is to address the both physical and cognitive decline and improve mood and behaviour.

By Ambreen Fatima, Pragnya Jyoti Dash, Sachin Gupta, Sumera Khan

Introduction: Ischemic stroke stands as a leading global cause of death and disability, prompting the need for animal model experiments in stroke research and the protection of motor function. Recently, magnetic fields have gained significant interest in various biological contexts, showing promise in preserving neurons and reversing behavioral and morphological changes in stroke models. This study explores the potential synergy between static magnetic field and nAChR agonist administration in safeguarding motor behavior in ischemic gerbils.
Objective: To determine whether the combined use of a static magnetic field and an agonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) can preserve motor behavior in ischemic gerbils.
Methods: In this experimental study, 72 Mongolian gerbils were randomly allocated into nine groups (n=8): S, SISM, SINSM, ISM, INP, ISP, INSM, INNP, INSP, distributed according to surgical procedure and treatment. The animals were trained and evaluated on the Rotarod (RR) to assess motor performance.
Results: The main finding was the preservation of motor behavior in the Sham Ischemia and Nicotine and Sham Magnetic Stimulation (SINSM) and Ischemia and Nicotine and South Pole Magnetic Field (INSP) groups, as evidenced by the results of the RR test.
Conclusions: The findings are consistent with previous literature and provide insight into the mechanism of potentiation, as results showed that adding a nAChR agonist to the magnetic field preserved motor performance in the RR test of ischemic animals.

By Manoela Gallon Pitta, Kelly Zhang, Gustavo Henrique de Mello Rosa, Lucas Hipolito do Espírito Santo, Elaine Caldeira de Oliveira Guirro, João Eduardo de Araujo

As healthcare landscapes evolve, Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in physiotherapy research in India. The integration of machine learning algorithms, computer vision, and natural language processing has significantly advanced the analysis of patient data, enabling the prediction of treatment outcomes and personalization of physiotherapy interventions. This overview delves into specific examples of successful AI integration in ongoing clinical trials within the Indian context, showcasing notable improvements in trial efficiency and positive impacts on patient outcomes. Challenges in implementing AI, including data security, ethical considerations, and the need for specialized training, are discussed. Proposed solutions encompass robust data encryption, ethical guidelines, interpretability of AI models, and targeted educational programs for healthcare professionals. Looking forward, the future outlook emphasizes personalized treatment plans, expanded tele physiotherapy using wearable technology, and the integration of augmented and virtual reality. Ethical and regulatory frameworks, continued advancements in robotic assistance, and interdisciplinary collaboration are highlighted as key factors shaping the trajectory of AI in physiotherapy clinical trials in India. The primary objectives of this manuscript are to explore the current state of AI in physiotherapy clinical trials in India, assess its utilization, and discuss the potential future developments in the field.

By Mohammad Sidiq, Aksh Chahal, Sachin Gupta, Krishna Reddy Vajrala